Horn Speaker Recommendations

I have not heard the PureAudioProject speakers, but I like the looks and I like the concept.  I like open baffle speakers, but, if deep bass is a must, I would caution that a relatively narrow open baffle speaker can be expected to roll off in bass response because of out of phase cancellation between the forward moving wave and the back wave.  The open baffle woofer speakers that I've heard with somewhat deep bass (not really that deep), had pretty large baffles to reduce front and back interaction.  Most recently, I heard a system with twin 18" fieldcoil woofers in a baffle that was about five feet wide.  The Shearer systems that Johnk mentioned had baffles much wider than that.

My main speakers are Ascendo Model Ms. In other rooms I have older Kharmas (due to cheap price when purchased), Phase Techs in the garage and some modified Radio Shack 4 speakers with Lineum tweeters. In fact, the garage would be the ideal location for some horns. 

In a sense, as an enthusiast, you are only as advanced as the best system you have ever heard.

I dont feel it necessary to preface every statement with an "in my opinion" as this is a given.

I think that you all need to listen to what johnk says as he certainly to me seems to know the most about horns and speakers from a perspective similar to those that mentored me about this particular speaker design. 

My list of audio absolutes:

1) analog is better than digital

2) all things equal higher impedance speakers are better than lower impedance speaker and sealed speaker enclosures are better than ported or transmissions lines

3) all things equal first order crossovers are best

4) never mix dynamic low frequency drivers with horns or planar
speakers


I object to a number of riaa's assertions about JBL Monitors but I will address these at a later time. I will say that listening to recordings mixed on JBL speakers will still sound better through an accurate system that is neutral than through a system that is not.  

With all the blah blah blah presented by jsautter, in his 200 posts, he does not mention what speakers he owns. I am sure they are wonderful, but, probably a speaker not for everyone. Let’s have it, jsautter ? Let us know what your " benchmark " is, considering, a perfect speaker, does not exist, always having trade offs.  

Well emotion is a large part of the experience and what we all seek, but I dont understand the reference to 70s sound. The goal should be truth and an honest and accurate representation of the original material. This is the only benchmark that is acceptable to me. 

Balancing aesthetics with sound will always be in play. Room size, amplification and emotional appeal all contribute to the selection. Many knowledgeable people have weighed in on what's right for them, the ultimate determinant is what's right for you. Having recently become part of the JBL 4367 club, I can say that the 70's sound I have been looking  for is now in place. I owned a pair of L166 Horizons for over 25 years and have spent the last 15 trying to improve upon them. Klipsch, Triangle, Sonus Faber and Harbeth have all been cycled through the process. The elimination of JBL due to the boxy look is shortsighted. I power mine with a Mac C2300 pre and MC275 power and could not be more pleased. Bob James at low volume is relaxed and precise with a dynamic range that brings the room to life. At volume, they present a percussive side that is akin to Dead & Co at the Hollywood Bowl in full swing. Literally brought tingles to my arms. No sub required, just a two way that is nothing short of amazing.

MrD --- i will have a totally separate theater room in my new home which will be acoustically perfect.  Unfortunately, my two channel room is a combination great room and kitchen. That is my current set up and the music still sounds incredible.  I understand it is not going to be acoustically perfect but I know when I am sitting 15 ft away from the speakers, I will totally enjoy the music.  It is also why I have to have the speakers close to the rear wall.  

@willgolf, with regards to the design of your new home, will this music room be a " dedicated " listening room ? A few examples are : dedicated and upgraded electrical, greater wall reinforcement, room acoustic panels, etc. As in real estate : location, location, location. As in audio systems / music reproducing systems : the room, the room, the room. Horn systems have a benefit of creating less side wall reflections, but reflections, slap echoes, bass modes / resonances ( nodes and antinodes ) will all be present, if not dealt with. Obviously, once the speakers are in the room, and the system is set up, fine tuning the speakers location, to the room, and to your listening seats, will likely take some time. Expect some issues, and I am just trying to help, with such a big expenditure. I hope, for your benefit, you have considered this with your room " design ". Think about driving your car on nothing but cobblestone roads ? Just something to think about, if you haven't. Enjoy ! MrD.

I appreciate everyone's feedback.  It has truly been eye opening and interesting.  I have studied each and every suggestion made.  While I am no where near to making a decision, I am going to eliminate a few of the recommendations.  I have eliminated Klipsch, JBL and any other full box horns.  I know they are all great speakers with outstanding sound, however, they will not fit with the design of my new home.  I also have a very strong feeling that I will be buying another Tube Amp.  So besides, Avantgarde, Odeon, hORNS, Charney, PureaudioProject, please continue to let me know any other suggestions that I should consider, or influence my decision for a particular brand.  

I’ve most likely owned more Klipsch than anyone posting about it as well as much of what’s available I even have some of Paul's RCA test equipment and 1 of his RCA W bins from Klipsch museum many may not know but K horn was inspired and based on Olson's work for RCA. I stand by my entry-level horn comment many heritage owners run-heavy mods Klipsch is cheap and easily available it also floods the used market and Klipsch owners by far out num other type owned and are very vocal in forums due to this. The only Klipsch I could see owning is the fully horn-loaded theater systems many of those are better than audiophile offerings of great cost and it seems are no longer offered since Klipsch was purchased by Harman. But sadly with horns, the audiophile market isn’t offering many worthy of purchase unless you want a hybrid horn and honestly if I had to go that route I would buy a conventional dynamic. If one really wants great horns you have to know a good amount about it and be able to DIY to some degree since even if complete a great sounding full horn system will be in parts that owner must somewhat assemble. And as mentioned one should consider it as a system that includes amps crossovers room etc and all should be matched to each other.

Klipsch Heritage speakers are absolutely considered viable and competitive by many discerning ears, and those who've "been around the block" should maybe get off the street, go back in the house, and listen to these things. If it's clear and coherent sound that represents an ideal relative to other designs, Heresy IIIs have that in spades...It's obvious that nothing penetrates a closed mind, and I admit my experience hearing horns of various designs in friends hifi rigs and at shows over the years still kept me somewhat in the elitist, price driven world of dismissing Klipsch as being second rate ("nice, but not expensive enough")...until I listened to Heresy IIIs in my own rig...they're world class regardless of the dismissive nonsense from the clueless.

Hi @atmasphere ,

It is true.
When I bought vintage Altec 604 "e" from mid 60x, coaxial with horn tweeter and ~98dB sensitivity.
I used it with McIntosh MC30 amp from end of 50x.
Some vintage lovers thing it is a great idea to use components designed and made in similar time. But they are wrong!
I used MC30 with Spendor 2/3 speakers  (88dB sensitivity). They sounded great together.
Altec 604e worked OK with MC30, but I discovered a real Altec's capability only when I started use them with 300B SET amp. McIntosh with 5 tubes stages, a number of local feedbacks, a global feedback and dumping factor 12 - was great with mid-sensitive speakers but sounded rough and sloppy with high sensitivity horn speakers. In contrast SET with zero feedback and dumping factor 5 sounded smooth and transparent with Altec 604e.

I think the other drawback of global feedback - it is reduce sense of real life dynamic and micro dynamic. But, despite this, I steel use phono stage with feedback RIAA correction based of EAR 834p schematics. 

Regards,
Alex

I dont know of a single horn enthusiast who has been around the block more than once that considers Klipsch viable or competitive. Kind of the like the McDonalds of horns. The criticism of my JBL comments may be appropriate if they dont sound like their older designs which logically they should due to the past success of this company. In any case my opinion is now known for what its worth.  

Right now I have Mola Mola Kaluga mono amps which will deliver more power than I could possible need.

@willgolf You might want to consider that the characteristics of an amplifier like the Mola Mola may not be right for many horn designs. The reason is that when you have the efficiency of a horn, you don’t need a lot of amplifier power, so its possible to run low power tube amps (like SETs) that often don’t run any feedback. Horn speaker designers know this and expect such amps to be used with their speakers.


The way such an amplifier behaves on a load is different from how an amplifier using a lot of feedback (and thus having a really low output impedance) acts! An amp with a lot of feedback (like the Mola Mola) typically behaves as a voltage source, meaning its voltage output is invariant with load, which also means (if solid state) that its output power doubles as the load is halved.


Tube amps with no feedback tend to behave as power sources, meaning they try to make constant power with respect to load rather than constant voltage. You can read more about this at this link:
http://www.atma-sphere.com/Resources/Paradigms_in_Amplifier_Design.php
Now most horn designers are expecting the user to use a lower powered tube amplifier. Although the Mola Mola is a good amp, because of its near-zero output impedance on many horn systems the crossover won’t work right; as an example may cross the woofer over at a different frequency than intended. The reason for this is as I explained- many of these speakers are designed for amps that are Power Paradigm devices (having an output impedance that might be several Ohms) rather than Voltage Paradigm. Any time you attempt to mix the two technologies you can expect a tonal aberration that says nothing about the quality of the equipment involved, despite the fact that both can be quite neutral if used correctly.

BTW in case its not clear, loop feedback typically used in most solid state and class D amps introduces higher ordered harmonic distortions of its own while suppressing the distortion of the amp otherwise. Because these are higher ordered harmonics, they are extremely audible as brightness and harshness (a coloration) since the ear uses these harmonics to sense sound pressure- and on that account has to be extremely sensitive in this way. This fact is a bit inconvenient, as it often means that amps with really low distortion figures might not sound as good as amps with considerably ’worse’ numbers! If the audio industry weighted the various harmonics we would have a better understanding of this fact, but they don’t so while the 2nd harmonic is recognized as less harmful than the 7th or 13th, they don’t break those numbers down to anything meaningful on the spec sheets. Horns can exacerbate issues like this, so you have to be careful.


Put more simply, the equipment matching becomes more critical when dealing with horn systems so you will want to audition your amps with the speakers you’re auditioning as well to see if you are really getting what you expect!

The best horn systems are not the ones you find at audio dealers research horns consider a bit of DIY combinations of the best of vintage and modern are the best performing options. I wouldn't consider Klipsch unless entry-level. Avantgarde is also entry-level horn with crazy prices. The Shearer horn designs are pretty much the best horns get but they are not small small horns are wrong horns. You want a fully horn-loaded system any ported box is a compromise not really worth having if performance is the true goal.

I've also "heard many" horn speakers, and it should be noted that Klipsch Heritage speakers actually DO compete with the far more exotic (re: Expensive) speakers on this list. Have good gear upstream, and, in the case of my Heresy IIIs with couple of subs, you can find magic in them there horns. Newer versions work beautifully without "major mods" and provide 99db efficiency with astonishing coherence and tonal accuracy. Never trust anybody saying anything like, "I haven't heard the newer JBLs" before assuming new ones should be avoided based on past designs. That's just lame.

Right now I have Mola Mola Kaluga mono amps which will deliver more power than I could possible need.  

2 more things...the PureAudioProject requires about 5 hours of assembly (super easy!!!), they will totally FILL your 20x 30 foot room, they are 96 dB efficient, and you can drive them with as little as a 3 -8 watt tube amp... which is what they were demonstrated with at the recent Munich Audio Show. Was that more than 2 more things?

This is a very nice speaker (I've heard it- very tube friendly), but an amp of that power will not be able to work with a room that large with that speaker- you'll run it out of gas. You'll need about 100 watts or so to really do that right. I heard it with a very nice 2A3-based SET, which was obviously running out of power when playing Porcupine Tree in a room only about 15 feet deep.

Duke's speakers (Audiokinesis) have similar efficiency (96dB) and are often higher impedance (8 or 16 ohms) and are excellent. Duke seems to also have them very fairly priced!
A word about impedance- if high end best quality sound is your goal, your amplifier investment dollar will be best served by a speaker of 16 ohms rather than 8 or 4. All tube amps will have wider bandwidth, lower distortion and and greater power driving 16 ohms (most solid state amps have lower distortion into 16 ohms as well). The distortion issue is important since the increased distortion that results into lower impedances contains higher ordered harmonics which are used by the ear to sense sound pressure- IOW the ear is keenly sensitive to these harmonics- we describe them as brightness and harshness. 

I heard Pure Audio Project in Montreal Show 2017:
https://youtu.be/UZLmNJe_w3M
https://youtu.be/MYxrfcMs4qo
I think it was the best room in the show that year!

They may not catch the eye but we listen to a pair of Audiokinesis Dream Makers in beautiful light birch so my wife forgives their big size. In a rather big room much like yours. No sub needed. Atma-sphere Ma-1 amps. Very good match. Speakers were designed with the Soundlabs in mind. I have no affiliation with them - but maybe you could contact Audiokinesis and find a good solution for your room, system and tastes.

As a person who really doesnt like horns but has heard many, please put Klispch on the bottom of your list. The Klipsch just arent worthy of mention in the company of many of the other suggestions given. At least not without major mods. I havent heard the newer JBLs, but based on their past sound I would avoid them with equal enthusiasm.

2 more things...the PureAudioProject requires about 5 hours of assembly (super easy!!!), they will totally FILL your 20x 30 foot room, they are 96 dB efficient, and you can drive them with as little as a 3 -8 watt tube amp... which is what they were demonstrated with at the recent Munich Audio Show. Was that more than 2 more things? 

Dear Mr. and Mrs. willgolf. PLEASE go to the trouble (all of you reading this thread) and go to the website for “ PureAudioProjects”. (One word)

Choose  the model called, “Quintet 15  Horn 1”. Read the dagogo review!  
There is a strong possibility that you will find all things that you are looking for in this speaker. Price, sound, a full range horn AND 4 x 15” woofers in EACH SPEAKER, a very small footprint, (but they are taller than me), superb finishing choices for the appearance that will impress everyone, and limitless flexibility options for further customization down the road should you be of that persuasion. We will be hearing a lot more about and from this company in the future! 

I put my money where my mouth is. I am thrilled beyond words, so I will spare you the trouble of listening to me... the professional audio reviewer from Dagogo is imminently more qualified and articulate. 
By the way, I somehow “inherited” the user name “scaramanga”... I have no idea how, or what that means. 
Cheers! 

If you use 87db sensitive speakers,  hundreds watt transistor amplifiers kill all advantages of your analog sources. 
Good horns with SET amplifier will sound much more analog and alive.

Have you considered the Infinity IRS 4 or the Genesis line that Arnie Nudell made when he left infinity. You seem fixated on horn speakers. The quality vintage speaker have so natural sound on analog. 

Guess everyone has their preferences. I have never heard a horn speaker that even comes close to their sound on analog tapes are vinyl. Of course you should buy what you like and want   Just don’t think you are wanting good imaging stage effect sound placement. Otherwise normal music. Gold was always to get to the natural!!  or absolute sound. Horns don’t come close. Of course that is my ear and preference. 

willgolf,

I have not made any sort of direct comparison between Charney and Avantgarde (I've heard the Charney more recently), so at best I can recall my impressions of the two.  The Charney sounds extraordinarily coherent from top to bottom (not surprising given that it is a single driver speaker).  The Avantgardes have a little bit of a problem with the bass matching the midrange and some unevenness in the bass.  But, the Avantgarde goes lower in bass and you can adjust the bass to be extremely strong, if that is what you want.  Both are very good systems.

There have been mention of several other horn systems or systems that share the characteristics of horn systems that are certainly worth looking into.  The Classic Audio Reproduction field-coil speakers and the JBL Hartsfield reproduction, the Horning speakers, and Volti speakers I'e heard and generally like.  They are lively sounding system, which I like, but, they are not my personal favorites, but this is entirely a matter of taste, so you must hear them yourself to decide.  

This is a crazy hobby that we have.   Here I am looking at $30-40k speakers for my new house, and then I think I have a loaded 2019 Mustang GT that costs less than $45k.   Somehow that does not make sense.  

You might consider a pair of  Klipsch Diamond Jubilees. Those could be had for under 20K. Use a good tube amp for the drive.
Or you might consider a used pair of  K horns, approx. 4-5K.
Then pick up an electronic crossover, I use a Crown VFX2 along with a good transistor amp for the bass with volume controls for sound tuning. (transistors are better for bass: tighter, faster...)
Drive the mids/highs with a nice single ended tube amp of your choice and you have reached audio nirvana my friend!
No need for a subwoofer with this setup, you'll have lots of nice, tight, deep bass

Hal9k...have you owned or heard the Odeon speakers?  If so, which one?  

I went through this very exercise over the last year.  The La Scala-II is fantastic and paired with a really good sub is full range bliss.  That being said I moved on to the BD-Oris-150 using the Voxativ AC-2.6 8" full range. I have kept the La Scala's but wow the Oris/Vox is unbelievable.  Using the compact-reference base system running on a Crown-K2 and active xover. Huge dynamics with accuracy. 

I also recommend AG. I was on a mission at Axpona this year for new speakers. I decided to ignore price, rank my top three then decide. The AG Duo Mezzo XD was my second choice over Magico, YG, Raidho etccc  all very good but lacked comparable dynamics. The XD has excellent bass along with incredible dynamics and imagining. I ended up buying  Gryphon Trident II which I considered best of show however I would have been very happy with the AG’s. Give them a listen.

http://https//classicsound.ca/product/odeon-audio-otello/

Odeon make some fantastic loudspeakers, German made but not Avantgarde prices.

If in NJ your welcome to hear what a $6k FULLY horn loaded passively crossed 3way sounds like.  Then let that be a yard stick for all other contenders.

@willgolf Been away but monitoring the discussion.
4hcp is very good got mine to a 9 years ago playing to a 12 now. Life seems to get in the way of golf far too much these days.
The Charney Concerto is the horn to use in your 19 x 30 room. The AER BD 3B version might be a better choice of driver. AER lower's the efficiency from 106db to 98db but the there is a significant increase in low bass output. The first time I heard the Concerto with AER drivers was in Charney's 14x19x9 room. The rep sent him the BD 3B which had far too much bass output in that space. He had to pull the Concerto deeper into the room to adjust for this. I was gobsmacked by what I was hearing. He played a disc that had various opera cuts. I'm not a big fan of opera but sat through the whole disc absolutely engaged in the music! I wanted to hear more but we moved onto some vinyl and that was it! There were cuts from the Montreaux Jazz Festival followed by Pink Floyd's "The Wall". The AER Concerto is like a big aural vacuum that sucks you in and engages more than just your sense of hearing.
You mentioned your wife didn't like the look of the Concerto. Each speaker is made to order and can be painted or veneered to the color or wood of choice. Contact Charney and he will work with you to come up with an ascetically pleasing solution. If you make to his place bring her with you. Charney Horns look a lot better in person than what the pics on the website can convey.
FWIW I have been working in the interior design field for 30+ years and know great when I see it. My father is a retired auctioneer with well over 40 years chanting bids. He has seen every kind of wood out there and sold many fine works of art. When he walked into my home office (my daughters converted bedroom) he stopped at the door with a "Whoa! what do we have here?"  He was very impressed with the design, fit and finish, and even more with performance. This coming for a guy who very rarely throws compliments around.
Hope you find what your looking for.
R

Horning Aristoteles or Horning Eufrodite, amazing speakers. Back loaded horn for bass and midrange, and small waveguide for tweeter.
Looks like a "normal" speaker.
I hade Eufrodite in my old room, but now in my new room i have Aristoteles. 

Only thing, they are not easy to match with Amp, but when you find The wright amp, it will be magic.
Supermusical speakers. 

Best regards // Stefan 

Larry - the whole AER website is pretty cool.  The PNOE on You Tube was really great sounding albeit You tube.  LOL.  The price is way above my league, but I did like the look.  It seems they are either $65 - $ 90k or under $20k.....nothing in between.  Have you actually compared Charney to Avantgarde?  

Can anyone comment on the Diesis horns who have them?  

willgolf,

Since you like the looks of the Avantgarde speakers (I do too), I am wondering what you think of the AER Pnoe.  This is a backloaded horn speaker that is very much like the Charney, in terms of design.  I found out about this speaker when I started looking at AER drivers after hearing the Charney speaker with this particular driver.  I have not heard the Pnoe, but, it should be similar to the Charney, albeit many times the price.  I have not heard it myself, and I would not be that interested given how much more it costs than the Charney speakers I heard.  It is way out of your price range, but, I thought it is at least interesting and I wondered if you liked the looks.

https://aer-loudspeakers.com/aer-pnoe/

If I were going to go down the horn road again, and had the room, I would seriously  consider a pair of Gary Fischer's totally restored, upgraded and modernised Altec VOTT A7-500-8. Driven by either tube or quad balanced transistor McIntosh amplifiers, the sound quality to my ears is beyond phenomenal. I had a friend who has these exact speakers in his home system. Set up properly in a room with decent acoustics, I never saw any need for subwoofers to reinforce bottom end performance. A  pair of MC-75's with a C2500 preamp take care of  pre and power amplification duties. The front end sources are dominated by a VPI turntable and modified ATR-100 series open reel. As a strictly analog system, I cannot imagine anything that sounds better nor have I heard anything better. I don't have room to properly house a pair of A7's., so in my system I settled' for a pair of line array XRT-30. A poster above noted that proper line array systems image far better than point source and are IMO as close to a horn experience as you will get. Soundstage is large, wide and tall. Detail and dynamics are near as good but not QUITE as smooth as horns. When I say settle I don't mean it as a bad thing, these speakers sound as close as any non horn system  I've heard.

Other horn speakers I've experienced extensively are from JBL and Klipsch. Modified K-horns sounded decent enough, but not in the same league as the VOTT A7 500's. Here's the link to Gary Fischer's website if you are interested:

https://www.garyfischerspeakers.com/custom-speakers/

Larry....yes the Avantgarde's I would say are on my finalist list.  I have heard the Uno Fino.  Just need to find the Uno XD and the Duo somewhere around the country.  As stated before, I just purchases Mola Mola Amps for another speaker.  If they do not work out I will go back to a tube amp.  If I do that then I will buy again from Raven Audio....great integrated tube amps with some of the bast tubes available and outstanding customer service.  

PM me if you are interested in my pair of C.A.R. JBL Hartsfields~

I have not heard the Volti Speakers, but I added the Volti upgrade (horns, drivers, crossover) to my original K-horns.
Paid more for the kit than the K-horns(used) & was worth every penny.
The improvement was night & day.

kornhent,

Thank you for the additional information and links to more pictures.  I am a fan of your kind of horn-based systems.  My own system utilizes a small Onken with twin 12" drivers (alnico magnets, pleated paper surround).  The 12" drivers were new drivers when I got the system in 2003.  My midrange horn is a very old Western Electric 713b and 12025 straight, sectoral horn.  I tend to like the older compression compression drivers, like those of IPC, Western Electric, YL and new drivers that are reproductions of old drivers (G.I.P.).  

If i had a 40k budget would definitely be the JBL dd67000 . JBLs in the 3k range will compete with anything for that matter. I am a fan of horns but you have to have gear that allows adjustment along with practical experience with crossovers . Horns will effortlessly knock your socks off. But, with that comes very fine adjustments . You have to do alot of listening and tweeking to get them right, but once you do there is nothing like it. 

for Larryi again !
i use actually BMS 4596 medium (no coaxial). Very natural, No distorsion even at low frequency and high level. I prefer it over Beyma 850ND and Radian 950 i used formerly.Moreover, it is easy to make a crossover with this BMS : there is a natural rolloff at 3000Hz.
The new Celestion Axi2050 is probably another good solution.
for the treeble i love the cheap B&CDE120 and the Faital pro HF108R
for the bass it is a custom made 12", by Cyrille Pinton. i was not able to find the 12" i need in actual products !

Larryi,
I love experiences around old and new ideas. I always want to know if old solutions are very good solutions or just...old habits :-)
My own experiences about bass are here :
https://www.latelierdumicrophone.fr/bloglast articles  are in english/french, older articles in french only.i will take some time, a day, to write about the particular two 15" bass horn we used on the first model of the Grande Castine horn speaker.

Rolling pictures of KornHent.bzh are from customers, most of them are old, coming from the first period i sold horns ( in early 2000's)
I love small Onken with Altec 414. Not at all the Onken W for several reasons (it is probably not the good thread to talk about that :-D )

Klipschorns.

Because they are the best sounding speakers I have ever heard, and because they were basically the best thing that Klipsch was able to design after about 10 years of research, in 1948 - and to this day, beyond the life of it's original designer, they don't seem to have come up with anything better. Are there other speakers that are better? Perhaps.  I have indeed heard other speakers that sound really good, but those weren't better, just different, and many of them were over $100k. It may sound like a boring obvious suggestion, but Klispchorns are spectacular, even if they aren't rare. Horn or not, Klipschorns are in the top tier in my opinion.

kornhent,

Those are very interesting looking systems.  I noticed that some of the pictures look like Onken bass reflex cabinets for the woofers (I like Onkens).  It is good to see builders making serious modern, but old school, systems.  What drivers do your horns work with (what diameter, thread, etc.)?  What drivers do you use?  


willgolf,

Given your aesthetic requirements, my guess is that the Avantgarde Duo is a serious candidate.  It sounds pretty and will work in your space and works with low power amps (I see low-powered tube amps in your future).