Generalized attributes of amplifier technologies


I have been contemplating going to the "dark side"  (Purify based amp) on my main stereo.  Do I still need the masking distortion of my MOSFET amp after resolving the payer and DAC issues?  Still needed due to less than optimal source quality? (It does measure .003% @ 1W, 1K or better as that is about my test residual) This led me to thinking about the various reasons tubes, MOSFETS, BJT, or Class D sound different. 

These are very generalized attributes as I have experienced them. I have owned and built tube, bjt, and MOSFET amplifiers. Owned class D ( cheap for the garage)   

For any technology, the execution matters probably more than the technology. Personal preference matters. This is NOT a better or worse, just thoughts on differences. I am sure there are additional attributes.  It would be nice if we could quantize them with how our brain interprets the sounds so we could rely (design to) more on objective measures than subjective. I am assuming competent design and components.  

Tube amps have a rolled off top end due to transformer output. Fewer ultrasonic artifacts. We sense ultrasonic and they can cause tweeter ringing and IM issues. 

Tubes may have more even order HD than odd. It may be higher providing some masking. Our brain favors even low order. 

Tubes have higher but steady noise floor. Again, masking a lot of ills. 

Tubes tend to "extended decay" as reviewers say, ringing is the reality. Euphonic masking?

Tubes, for the same measures steady state power, tend to sound more dynamic. Sufficient power supply or less compression?

Tubes tend to have much lower DF so deep bass control is loser. 

MOSFETS have less compression with amplitude than BJT.  More linear transconductance.

MOSFETS typically had higher bandwidth than BJT and way higher than tubes. Possible differences with IM. Or TIM as the fad in the 80's. No longer a big difference with BJT.

Any technology, Differences in IM with gain.  IM being non harmonic our brain does not like it. 

Any technology, insufficient dynamic power supply current causes compression and higher distortions.

Solid state, and maybe tubes too, the more parallel outputs, the lower the current in each and the more linear. ie, less compression. 

Dynamic power supply current. Here is where budget amps fall flat.  Cap arrays about 4X calculated with very low ESR make a big "compression" difference.  Dips in the rails can have nastier effects to the IPS and VAS than the outputs. 

Class D used to have  serious load invariance issues. Combined with switching power supplies way too small.  Not sure that is true anymore. 

Class D used to have a pumping noise floor.  Now so low, maybe irrelevant

Class D tends to drive low Z loads easier. BJT and MOSFET stability get difficult under 4 or 5 Ohms.

Tubes miss-match of the transformer output  and load raises both linear and harmonic distortion. Never seen a 2 or 3 Ohm tap.  Tough on widely varying load impedances. 

Differences in clipping behavior. Inherent but implementation can mitigate somewhat. 

Architecture differences, local vs global feedback ratios, Miller vs dominant pole compensation, differential vs se IPS and VAS, and on and on. 

 

FWIW, I have also considered going back to a tube on my desk just for fun.  I do love my giant 2W Schiit amp though.  It's huge improvement over the Creek is what got me thinking I can use a cleaner amp in the main stereo. 

 

tvrgeek

It is less meaningful to talk about advances in class D design nowadays without mentioning GaNfet technology. Relative to Mosfet, aside from faster switching, higher efficiency, and being able to operate in higher voltage/temp environment, the GaNfet results in more accurate PWM waveform (see below) in general and hence cleaner sound (less THD/improved SNR, etc.) The bybrid configuration that combines tube and SS is worth mentioning too.

Not meaningless, as it follows under innovation. Improvement in application we will have to see, but yea, an omission that we should watch.   Unfortunately, still quite rare and expensive only in boutique products as of yet.    Hmmm, seems Peachtree has a product.  I had ignored them as until now, I hated every one I heard for classic "Digitates".  I need to track one down.  Progress I hope!

Looked up the Peachtree GaN400.  Specs wise, mid-range so that makes it into probably "need to listen" for the other half of the sound.  I see they still make the old 500 that I did not like.  

VTV is an interesting product but as I only have USB, not viable.  I would have a lot of questions about their D2D front end. It is probably the way of the future.  The only DAC being the output stage. Less can be more.  Falls under innovation for sure. 

Curious side note.  In every class D amp I have seen internals of, the output networks are ferrite core and electrolytic caps , yet we go to great length and expense to remove them from our speakers.  Something to investigate. 

@tvrgeek Tube amplifiers do not have to be rolled off. A lot depends on the design of the output transformer. Harmon Kardon made the Citation series amplifiers back in the 1960s. Their Citation 5 had 100KHz bandwidth. Seems to me the Citation 2 was not far behind. I am running a 5 Watt tube amp in my bedroom which has full power bandwidth to 100KHz. Bandwidth is not why tube amps seem to have less energy in the highs than a lot of solid state.

Distortion is the culprit. It may not be much, but the ear uses higher ordered harmonics to sense sound pressure- that brightness is caused by higher ordered harmonics; the ear interprets them as brightness (and also harshness).

In case its not clear at this point, the distortion signature of any amplifier is its 'sonic signature'. The class of operation doesn't have an enormous effect on that- the topology and execution of the circuit does.