I have a Node2 and also Cambridge Audio CXN 60. I don’t know the Atoll. The CA would fit your budget, offers Chromecast and AirPlay, has been very reliable and sounds audibly superior to the Node. It does a great job with Internet Radio and has a good app. I have found Nodes to be unreliable so I would just go with a new machine and get it out of the equation
Upgrade Internal DAC of Node or go with Atoll ST120.
Looking at upgrading to a external DAC for my Bluesound Node or picking up a all in one streamer/dac like the Atoll MS120 or ST200 or another brand all together. My price for all in one would be around $1500 and DAC only would be $1000. I stream via Qobuz. Big question would be what option between these two would sound best.