Super new to record players

You need a new cartridge. Probably MM. Easier to get good results with a MM. But which one, I'm afraid you'll have to wait for one of the guys here who know. There are some really good budget cartridges that will make a huge difference for you. Then take their suggestions and search for comments on those carts. Doing it that way you will be able to find a great one, they are out there. 

Budget ?

Probably less than 250

Does it make a difference that it’s a TD 190 and not a TD 190-2

I was able to reattach it but it’s probably the reason why the volume is low.

Or your phono input isn't actually a phono amplifier but simply a location to connect one.