I don't know what all you need for connectivity so can't account for that. For sound I would seriously look at Bricasti Design. Their M3 is within your budget. It should be in the same musical ballpark as your current Ferrum combo, just better overall. The Rockna Wavelight is another one that could do the job, maybe faster and more snappy than the Wandla though, which may not be to your liking.
If you are willing to buy 2nd hand then lots of great options out there. Lampizator is always great, and you can't go wrong with a Meitner MA3. The EMM Labs DAC2X is also within your budget though I prefer the Meitner, seems like the newer technology has improved things despite it being the "lower" model in the hierarchy.