Is agency approval requred for all equipt

Hi Elizabeth, my post was in response to Sfstereo post that sounds like the CE stamp is better than can be had in the US without it. Maybe it the networking field, but I don't see it doing anything, that is advantageous for audio sound here. The post I'm referring to, is below.

04-02-11: Sfstereo
Yes, CE is for Europe. FCC testing is required on digital devices but it only test for EMI emissions but CE requires additional immunity testing such as surge, RF immunity, transient, ESD and power factor correction. These were the requirements when I last did some CE testing many years ago.
Sfstereo (Threads | Answers | This Thread)

I'll bet it costs a bundle to get a UL cert....or the equivalent from Canada or Europe.
That alone should preclude some small production / boutique brands from getting such.

I DO think it should be illegal to not serialize equipment thru a unique number.
The build sheet for a particular piece or batch will list sources of parts and such so if a defect is found ( HEY, those caps I sold you? no good!) gear can be tracked down and either fixed or replaced.

Emotiva says they meet worldwide safety regulations, but have no UL listing. Also no grounds. Sort of contradicts UL, and other guidelines in some areas of the USA. It does have CE on it though. [http://www.emotiva.com/ampfaqs.shtm]

I guess one reason for mentioning this, an Emotiva product(CD player) has a CE mark/classification on it, but still says it must accept all RF interference that can cause undesired operation. I don't see any advantage there.

Sfstereo, still, networking and audio gear would have different guidelines. I don't quite see how you could compare them (networking and home audio) rules. The FCC is always changing its rules also, for all areas of the industry.

Yes, CE is for Europe. FCC testing is required on digital devices but it only test for EMI emissions but CE requires additional immunity testing such as surge, RF immunity, transient, ESD and power factor correction. These were the requirements when I last did some CE testing many years ago.

CE approval is usually more expensive because it requires EMI and a host of other tests like surge, esd and so on. In addition to the test costs, many test samples are needed since most of the tests are destructive so there is additional costs.

For many small manufacturers, the cost is too high. When I worked in the network industry, I spent $200k a year for all sorts of approvals and thousands more in equipment cost.

Also, it's possible that meeting some of the safety requirements could have negative effect on sound quality. For example, to meet EMI and ESD requirements, filters might have to be installed on inputs and outputs connectors which may impact sound quality. Digital devices such as Dacs and Cd players produce lots of EMI.
Sfstereo (Threads | Answers | This Thread)

I always thought the CE mark was for Europe. The UL states
that also.

I also thought interference causing electronics (digital,etc) had to meet FCC rules, from my understanding.

Some cities and counties such as LA require safety approval but it doesn't have to be UL. There are many other safety agencies such as CSA, ETL and TUV are similar. Canada, like the EU also requires safety approval on all electrical devices.

The cost of get an approval can easily exceed $10,000 depending on complexicity of the device. There is also annual fees and unannounced factory inspections to ensure that the parts used in production are the same as the submitted test sample.

CE approval is usually more expensive because it requires EMI and a host of other tests like surge, esd and so on. In addition to the test costs, many test samples are needed since most of the tests are destructive so there is additional costs.

For many small manufacturers, the cost is too high. When I worked in the network industry, I spent $200k a year for all sorts of approvals and thousands more in equipment cost.

Also, it's possible that meeting some of the safety requirements could have negative effect on sound quality. For example, to meet EMI and ESD requirements, filters might have to be installed on inputs and outputs connectors which may impact sound quality. Digital devices such as Dacs and Cd players produce lots of EMI.

Anything that is remote, the receiver for the remote is always running. For me this stuff must be UL listed. My audio gear is never left on, so I don't worry to much about that stuff. A power amp, tube or solid state can get fairly hot. Vintage gear can be a risk, since the insulation is brittle, or old technology, and risky due to age. The CE marking means nothing for safety according to UL. Some companies try to pass that off as a safety test. Some US companies also. Play it safe and buy UL tested, or unplug it when not using.CE/UL link.[http://www.ul.com/global/eng/pages/offerings/perspectives/regulator/electrical/additionalresources/cemarkings/]

Most power cables by many high end audio manufacturers are not ul listed. If you had a fire in your home and the insurance inspector found that to be the problem, that does give them a loop hole in there right to pay the claim.
Most are simple in design and are very safe, but it is a consideration when buying a power cable.

Great question. I have also noticed some Chinese products don't have waht you mention or a serial number.