glowing red output tube, but don't think it's red-plating


Hello auidionaughts.  Had an interesting circumstance last night; output from the right monoblock began to sound slow and of lower output.  Line of sight to the tubes (both input and output) are largely blocked from the listening seating position by a ginormous power transformer and an equally sized output stage inductor, so neither me or mrs. x immediately noticed that the plates on tube #3 were glowing red...but the change in output got our attention.  I jumped up to check it out and found tube #3 as described; of course I turned the amp off. 

Inspecting the tube this morning, it shows two anomalies: silver plating on the inside of the glass opposite the ridges that hold the support rods and a very small amplitude dimple in the glass roughly centered within the two fields of the aforementioned silver plating.  All else looks normal including the silver plating on the top of the tube which looks unchanged, even though I am guessing that was the source of the silver plating now on the sides of the tube.  Could it have come from somewhere else?

During the incident, it didn't look like red-plating to me; i.e. not red at the right angle crease in the plate, rather, the whole plate was red.  Oddly, every other tube failure with these amps was fast, taking out a bias resistor and fuse and sometimes breaking the glass.  Neither of these happened with this failure and it was slow.  Was able to replace the tube and slightly adjust the bias and away we go again, so now resistor or fuse damage.  I did (stupidly) turn the bias pot down before installing the new tube ( I know doing so is good practice, but doing it removed a potentially informative data point), so can't know for sure, but I'm pretty sure that the bias was spot on where it is supposed to be (40 mA), or very close, when the failure happened.  My understanding is that red-plating is due to incorrect bias.

Any ideas what caused this failure? 

xenolith

@wharfy the amps are custom made; the only two on earth.  The original designer and person who initiated their build was Gary Dodd.  He died before finishing them.  6 years later in 2021, his friend and colleague Charlie Cocci completed them and sold them to me.  These amps are optimized to run KT77s in 43% tap ultralinear mode; so much so that they literally cannot run any other tube type.  So yes, all previous failures where of (Gold Lion) KT77s.  From the get go, I was able to set the individual bias for each output tube to just barely 40 mA...usually with the bias pot turned all the way down.  Sometimes even at fully turned down the tube would be at ~45 mA.  After about half a dozen spectacular tube failures which always took out the sacrificial resistor on the bias circuit, the fuse and sucked in the glass envelope to the point of breaking,  I contacted Charlie to ask what the heck was going on with these amps.  Long story short ended with him incredulous that the bias circuit could be the problem but that he ultimately was even more incredulous that the three multimeters that measured >40 mA at full down turn of the bias pots could be wrong.  So he advised me to buy two sets of resistors, I forget the values.  Then one day, while he was on speaker phone I turned one of the amps on that had one of the sets of resistors installed...still got 40-ish mA at full down turn, so he told me to swap those resistors with the 2nd set and try it again.  Perfect!  At full turn down the output tubes are at 0 mA and 40 mA is at about 5 turns of the 10 turn Bourns bias pots.  There hasn’t been any tube failure since then until a few nights ago when the I guess red-plating failure occurred.  Much less spectacular and much less hassle as I didn’t have to unplug everything and lift an turn over the 75 lb. beast in order to replace the sacrificial resistor.  Soooo, now that the bias circuits are correct, I’m finding great longevity, which I think can also be considered durability, from the Gold Lion KT77.

I'm convinced that the tube just died of old age.

@xenolith -

Interesting story about the resistors and biasing. Oh the stuff we do, and put up with, in pursuit of the perfect sound. 

@wharfy - I sure don't miss horking those 75 lb. monsters onto the workbench!  They are far and away the best sounding amps I've ever heard.  Charlie said the same thing and he's heard a LOT of amps!  For anyone who may be interested in a bit more about them, I posted a bit over at AudioCircle shortly after receiving them:

https://www.audiocircle.com/index.php?topic=171939.0

Looking forward to cranking them up tonight to play the Pink Floyd Tour 75 album that I recently scored: https://www.discogs.com/release/4915556-Pink-Floyd-Tour-75

@xenolith 

Red is usually a bad thing when it comes to tubes and I’m guessing that for what ever reason, that tube needs replacing.  A simple test would be to replace it with whatever you have laying around and see if the output gets better. The beauty of having individual pots is that you can bias the replacement so it sounds pretty much like the others.

All the best.