Working with 78’s

You get a cartridge specifically for 78s. Ortofon makes one for $20. It can be mounted in any modern arm.

now go to Channel D’s website and look at Pure Vinyl. You will need an Apple Computer.

You may also need something like this:

Variable Equalization

Try esoteric sound-78 rpm specialists https://www.esotericsound.com/index2.htm

It depends what era of discs with which you're dealing. Most 40s and 50s 78s were cut with a 2.5 mil groove, but earlier discs are all over the place. 

 

Archiving 78s is an extremely complex topic, and there are reams of information out there. It's difficult to condense, because everyone has different goals and budgets and definitions of what constitutes a good transfer.

Generally you want a direct drive table with pitch control. Speed wasn't fully standardized until the mid 30s. 

Tonearms don't really matter that much as long as it can take something lower compliance. 

Most 78 engineers order custom truncated elliptical stylii from Expert Stylus in the UK and use cartridges like the Shure V15 VX, M75, M44, Stanton 500, and various others that allow for stylus swapping. Mono cartridges might be nice for live listening but are not used by archivists because you need both groove walls for mixing/phase alignment purposes and to ensure all information on the record is properly preserved.

EQ is another massive can of worms. Most aren't RIAA. Google it and research what might be appropriate to your record. You can transfer flat or with RIAA and adjust EQ in software. If this is just a small project, you probably don't need to spend thousands on fancy hardware. With acousticals and early electricals, "archival" EQ is just a crude approximation of what's actually on the record, anyway. The better engineers make a lot of adjustments in software.

Cleanup is best done in a digital audio workstation like iZotope or Wavelab. CEDAR also sells an essential set of plugins and even full restoration suites for more dedicated engineers.

In sum, though, you can get away with one good direct drive turntable and tonearm that allows for a low compliance cartridge/cantilever, but one stylus will never correctly play all 78s. The off-the-shelf 2.5 or 3 mil stylus will sound OK on most postwar records, but commercial 78s ran from anywhere between 1.6 and 4.5 mil groove width and anywhere from ~65 to 90 RPM. There aren't a lot of experts in this forum. You'll find them congregating more on Facebook. The Association for Recorded Sound Collections also has a lot of good resources. If you dig around you'll find guides for archiving best practices.

 

@europeansoundtrack , @mke246 is giving very good advice. No 78 I know of uses RIAA EQ. In the late 1950s a number of preamps had several of the more common 78EQ curves built in. One of my favorites was the Harmon Kardon Citation 1. It also had switched tone controls, which were useful dealing with some of the lessor 78 labels that were in between some of the other label's EQ curves.

Once you get the EQ and stylus size right, you might be surprised how quiet they can be.