Loudspeaker sensitivity and dynamics: are the two inexorably linked?


Have been listening to quite a few speakers lately, and increasingly I've noticed that more sensitive speakers tend to have better microdyanmics - the sense that the sound is more "alive" or more like the real thing.

The speakers involved include my own Magico A5's, Joseph Audio Pulsar 2's, and  Wilson Watt/Puppy 7's, as well as others including the Magico M3, Wilson Alexia V, various Sonus Faber's, Magnepan's,  Borressen's, and Rockport models (Cygnus and Avior II).

A recent visit to High Water Sound in NYC topped the cake though: proprietor and vinyl guru Jeff Catalano showed off a pair of Cessaro horns (Opus One) that literally blew our minds (with a few listening buddies).  The Cessaro's sensitivity is rated at 97 db, highest among the aforementioned models.  That system was very close to live performance - and leads to the topic.

I'm not referring to maximum loudness or volume, rather that the music sounds less reproduced and more that the instrumentation and vocals are more real sounding through higher sensitivity speakers.

Is this a real phenomenon?  Or is it more the particular gear I've experienced?

Thoughts?

bobbydd

Showing 3 responses by tvrgeek

All drivers have a bit of a built in "dynamic compression" due to the suspension. So a high efficiency of the same sd, may in fact be more dynamic as it is in a lower excursion so not suspension "compressed". This may not be noticeable at all (should not be) at medium levels if you chose the correct speaker, but as you crank it up, it may become more noticeable. This is still within the gap. A cheap or poorly designed driver will also get increasing compression if the coil moves out of the gap. To be complicated, gap strength is not linear. 

Amplifiers also have a non-linear gain with respect to power, and it can differ with different loads. 

So to each their own and enjoy.   Build a Kleinhorn and power it with a Schiit REKKR.  Use an active crossover on your mains to take the deep bass out of them so they are not trying to produce midrange while approaching XMax. Pick an amp with sufficient overkill as to be on the more linear portion of the transductance curve and sufficient dynamic current.   

Do be careful lumping technologies together. All ESL are not the same, all direct radiator, all horn, all panel...   

 

Thermal compression happens to all drivers, high sensitivity or low. How much depends on how well the motor can dissipate heat.  For example,  fero-fluid may dissipate heat better and have lower thermal compression ( re increasing with temp) but it is not without other issues that can effect perceived dynamics.  Same goes for the flexibility of the suspension, that can actually get "looser" with heat for less compression.   Drivers are a combination of parameters, some working in opposite directions giving a better all things considered performance than any one part looked at in isolation. 

However, all things considered, thermal compression is most likely a wash between technologies.  Other factors already mentioned ae greater. 

Lots if issues identified. Some relevant, some grasping at straws to explain what we hear.  We hear it, so there must be an explanation. I don't believe in magic, but I do hear things I don't know how to measure. 

We pay all that money for fancy resistors so the primary parameter is, of all things, resistance.  Non-inductive, non-Ferris, etc.  And despite one popular WEB salesman, dipped or sand cast packaging makes no difference. The element, leads and caps do. Most higher quality resistors happen to be dipped but not necessary. 

Ironic, we sometimes pay a pile for thicker wires in out inductors, and then put a resister in series with them.  I have seem claimed high end crossover filters with L-R in series and foil or 12 gauge wire where just using a 24 gauge coil would actually be better.  Same irony, LR in series and we pay for a low L resistor instead of measuring and designing on reality of the parts.  Super low ESR caps with a series resistor? Low leakage with a parallel resister?  Forgetting to look at DF or L!

Good thing, in my living room, even with my 60W amp, I am averaging less than two watts at pretty high levels in my speakers that I have measured, 87 dB, 1M on axis, outside on a ladder @ 1K. 

Do not forget about "false" dynamics as most drivers are not in a feedback loop so they overshoot or undershoot depending on their Qes/Qms and the enclosure alignment damping effects.  Many low efficiency systems have very high Q alignments trying to force a perceived deeper base response, read that "hump" or are forcibly eq'd to extend the bass and will have very poor dynamics. I target system Q's of about .6 as I find their dynamics better than the .8 or higher in many bookshelf speakers.  Actual efficiency does not change as it is a function of the driver, not the alignment even though lower Q sounds louder. 

Talking conventional dynamic drivers, usually, the smaller the driver the lower the efficiency.  Usually, speaker systems with very flat responses have pretty severe filtering to achieve that flat response, BSC, Zobels, notches etc.  All these can change the Q and can really effect the cone excursion pushing into mechanical compression.   So, a 2-way 5 inch may at higher levels have not only more compression and bass distortion than an 8 inch 2 way for the same SPL,  But it may have a lot easier time reaching the tweeter, so everything is a tradeoff.  Or instead of that MT 5 inch, do an MTM, but now you get additional comb filtering issues to deal with but gain efficiency, lower bass harmonic distortion and likely higher perceived dynamics. 

Do remember Paul Klipsch's original paper which basically set the rule: efficiency and distortion are inversely related.  Of course, he ignored frequency domain and IM distortion so he built super efficient big horns to optimize the feature he considered most important.   Everyone has their thing. None are wrong, none are correct.  And yea, for decades it was hard to beat a couple LaScalla's and a DC300 for a band PA.  Until THX, a lot of theaters still had a stack of VOT's. Dynamic? yes. Flat? heck no. 

Also remember, the higher the volume, the less articulate our hearing and at some point, regardless of the efficiency, it is a wall of mush sound.  And if you listen to those levels very much, maybe you need wider dynamic range than someone without so much damage to get any perception of dynamics.  You, not the speaker. 

In other words, a blanket statement like " high efficiency speakers are more dynamic" is false.  Truth is it depends.  Reality is the design choices that lead to a low efficiency speaker may, and again may, lead to a less dynamic sound.