Explanation of what higher costs buy with Grado

I assumed that some of the factors you mention are involved. Soundsmith, for instance, is very upfront about this. However, they also have factors of cantilever material and stylus shape entering into their increasing prices. Same holds true for the increasing prices through Ortofon's range of 2M cartridges. Different plastics & resins in the bodies as well as stylus profile account for increasing price. It seems unusual that there wouldn't be any more to Grado's increasing prices than tighter tolerances to account for a near tripling of price (and a stylus profile change in the Reference.)

Typically the higher models are the cartidges that measure the best. In otherwords, the cartidges are made then tested. The cartridges that measure good are the expensive models and the cartridges that don't measure good become the cheap models. They measure for frequency response, balance, separation etc.