My experience is primarily with 12AX7 and 6SN7 tube types.
First, there are truly profound differences in the way different brands of tubes constructed at different times sound. These differences are repeatable.
For the 12AX7 tube in my Marantz 7C, I liked Amperex from Holland or England, as they were a better fit than Telefunken as the latter made my preamp sound a little syrupy. Telefunken was a better match tonally to my Audio Research SP6B, though I still preferred the sound of the Amperex. I was anal enough in those days that I would bias the tubes in the SP6B every time I changed them.
My experience regarding the 6SN7 runs across several Schiit and Cary preamps. For the rich world of the 6SN7, the additional rigidity from extra supports, etc in the JAN and VT231 types results in lower microphonics and a greater sense of inner detail, sense of depth, and solidity and strength in the bass. It’s remarkable how there are distinct sound characteristics of each type- my Ken-Red VT231 black glass tubes really do have more solid and defined bass, and my 5692’s from both CBS Hytron and RCA have a smooth, liquid sound. My Sylvania tubes, ranging from Bad Boys of the early 1950’s to early 60’s GTB’s all share a bit of sparkle at the top, though the early versions sound better.
I have not played much with new stock high-end offerings from China (scared off by reliability issues), but new standard production from Russia and China do not have the sense of inner detail, depth, power, or drive of the older tubes.
so yes, tube types do sound different!