If starting out. Looking at investment level (assuming research and careful choice... the best and most compatible in each category). If you try to answer simply by performance... I just don’t know how to do that. Then you have to start comparing strange things that few would ever have experience with.
~ Turntable (all) = Phono Stage in importance and is 95%... the cables will net you a small (say %5) improvement vs the major components.
Then breaking down to the first level:
Turntable = Tone arm = Cartridge. About equal responsible for 95% of the sound quality.
So, I guess that means roughly 45% phonostage, 15% cartridge, 15% tone arm, 15% turntable and 5% wires.
This is about what my systems have typically ended up. For a long time I underestimated the phonostage and it was alway holding back my turntable.