In fact, a cursory search for 2nd hand speakers at the $500 price point does show more promise than I had originally expected. Especially if you are willing to choose a speaker that is a bit on the older side, or has a minor bit of cosmetic damage, you will be able to get a speaker that retailed for 3-4 times (or more if you're lucky) of what you Polk speakers cost new. Cost is not the end all be all factor of quality by any means, but it is a reasonable barometer. A $2000 speaker is usually universally better than a $600 speaker, even with a few exceptions to the rule.
If you do not like your speakers, here is what I would do. Research what your Polks will sell for on the used market. Add the expected amount to your $500 budget, and see how far north you can stretch it. Then research what that budget (hopefully about $700 or $750) can get you on Audiogon. Location is a factor as some larger speakers are expensive to ship. If you can find a pair that is selling at less than half of retail or better, you are probably looking in the right direction for a sweet upgrade.
Be sure to choose an 8 ohm speaker, with a sensitivity of no less than 88 or 89 to be able to get the most out of your amp. 90 or 91 would be even better.
Good luck!