Hessong, you can in fact use a CD player to "test" your phono section providing you are using a player with a variable output. Many players, Levinson, Sony, Denon, Cary, Audio Aero, etc. do provide you with variable outs. Some actually attenuate in the digital domain which obviously would not apply in your application.
Of course, begin testing with the volume control at it's absolute minimum output level and you should have no problems. All of the above is assuming you are "testing" only.