I can’t say at this point what the problem may be, of course. But here are some thoughts:
1)First, are you sure that the adapter is intended for two-channel applications, and therefore keeps the two channels separate from each other and from the ground connection? For example, an adapter such as
this one would result in a short circuit between the two channels, and should not be used.
2)If the headphones have particularly low impedance, in the area of say 8 to 24 ohms, it would be more likely that they are responsible for the problem than if they have considerably higher impedance.
3)Assuming you have confidence in the suitability of the adapter, the way to tell whether the use of the headphones is responsible for the problem would of course be to use the player a few times with and without the headphones connected.
Good luck. Regards,
-- Al