The difference between impedance and resistance


My Dad would be ashamed for me for writing this thread (he had a background in electrical engineering) but can someone explain the differnce between impedance and resistance (other than the former is for ac and the latter dc) as it pertains to audio circuitry?
russellrcncom
Hey we go again.. kudos to Al. As methodical and detail as ever. Way to go Prof Al.
The reason radians are used is because the derivative of sin(x) is directly cos(x) when using radians. This is why the formulations using radians come out cleaner.

I would like to add too that you very rarely get 90 degrees in a circuit. The parasitic effects will cause the angle to be all over the map, positive and negative, the extent of which is dependent on the frequency of the signal.

Simply-q: Break-in effects are largely due to parasitic capacitance effects through the air, insulation, cable sheaths, PC boards, etc., surrounding the signal-carrying wire(s). The capacitance is formed between the wire and "ground," which can be just about anything at a lower potential, and everything in between ground and the signal is the dielectric. These effects are part of what I was talking about. The fact the ground is indeterminate is what leads to the mystery of break-in. As time goes on, the more-dominant capacitances charge to a "neutral" level and finally break-in "ends." This is in addition to any physical material changes due to heat or an applied field.

There has been extensive research done by the French government (and the Germans to a certain extent) on this effect as it relates to high-power transmission lines. It is easier to witness when you're dealing with MV instead of mV. (When you stand under a power line, you are quite literally standing inside a capacitor.) They have shown that just the heavy ions in air can have a big impact on the capacitive resonance effects that affect a signal. But they are far from nailing down all the variables in all instances, of course.

Arthur
One way of dealing with any signal is via Fourier analysis. That analysis, along with a host of other signal analysis techniques, benefit greatly from Euler's identity, without which the analysis would be unnecessarily cumbersome. There is simply no good reason to express signals in any other way when engaged in any such analysis.
Arthur has a decent point.
I associate many speaker break-in effects to capacitors forming.
A 'virgin' cap doesn't know anything about electricity until it is in effect shown.

What got me started on this was many years ago buying a high power on-camera flash. Instructions say to fire several full power flashes when first turned on........than your good to go.

As a further aside, when i first turned on my new speakers.....some Magnepans, the image floated around quite a bit for a couple hours. Sometimes quite rapidly...flicking back and forth. Than it settled down and has been fine ever since.
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