I've ran an Atmos A/V system for years prior to separating my 2ch setup from home theater recently. My A/V system is still very capable for music, but my needs have changed.
To answer your questions:
- Yes, you can put together a world-class system that does it all. Your restrictions are really only convenience, money, heat dissipation and space.
- Personally, I think adding rear channels or height channels for Atmos makes a bigger difference than 2ch versus 3ch. Some speakers are better for this than others. With full-range speakers, you can easily get away with 2ch.
Not sure if any if this is relevant for you, but a few observations:
- There are a few A/V Receivers that come with XLR inputs and outputs. The Yamaha RX-A8A is very solid and a great way to add a dedicated amp. You can also add a dedicated DAC to its XLR inputs, if desired.
- eARC implementations vary across manufacturers and bigger manufacturers will have better compatibility.
- If you're ok with a 2ch setup with HDMI inputs, there are a few options, but not many. NAD M66 comes to mind. There are likely much more that will come out as the Chinese DAC manufacturers have even started adding eARC inputs (which is another configuration option).
- If you're set on keeping your speakers, you'll likely achieve the biggest sound quality gain from adding in a good dedicated amplifier than spending more on a receiver/processor.