Class A, B, C? What do they mean?


I am a newbie in this area. When people say "class A" amp, does it mean it soulds better than a class B amp, more expensive than a class B amp, or ??.

What are the classifications for?

Thanks!
yhlbb

Showing 6 responses by sean

There are Class C amplifiers but i don't know of any manufacturer using them for audio purposes. They are quite high in multiple types of distortion, hence the lack of desire to use such a design. Sean
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As a "generic" rule of thumb, Class A amps typically average about 40 - 50% efficiency. That means that you have 50 - 60% of the power being drawn at any given time being dissipated as heat.

As far as Class AB amps go, their efficiency levels will vary depending on how "richly" they are biased into Class A. Some AB amps might stay in Class A for a watt or two while others may switch over after 5 - 15 watts. As such, efficiency suffers so long as the amp is run at low level. Once the amp is pushed beyond the point of crossing over into Class B, efficiency rises somewhat. The harder the amp is driven, the more efficient it becomes ( in theory ). AB amps are typically considered to be about 65% efficient in terms of power drawn vs actual power output. As mentioned, this figure can go up or down as a whole depending on the overall bias level.

As far as switching or "digital" amps go, efficiency levels can be VERY high. Some of this will vary with how the driver circuits are set up to operate. Since minimal power is lost in most switching designs, there is a minimal amount of heat build-up within the amp itself. This is due to the fact that the circuitry is only "active" a very small percentage of time ( greatly reduced duty cycle ). The drawback to this gain in efficiency is that one runs into a massive increase in several different types of distortion and "typically" a loss of resolution ( especially at lower power levels ). The more that you "pile drive" a switching amp, the less noticeable the side effects will become.

As such, the hotter an amp runs, the less efficient it is. Having said that, it is "probably" also more "linear" than an amp of lower bias all things being equal. Getting all of the variables "equal" is a whole 'nother ball of wax though... Sean
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When it comes to Class C as an RF amp, they are pretty filthy when it comes to out of band harmonics ( THD ) and in-band splatter ( IMD ). That is, unless used in AM mode with limited percentage of modulation. Otherwise, the constant switching off and on of SSB and over-modulated AM produces a lot of garbage due to the crossover distortion involved. Some good designs are able to get around this, but they are far and few between. Sean
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Using tuned "tank circuits" on tube gear and harmonic traps on SS gear will help to reduce THD, but that does nothing to get rid of IMD or "in-band splatter" when using a Class C amp. Class D will also suffer from this, but with slightly different results that would vary with design. All of these "problems" occur in audio amps using these design variations also. Sean
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No, i've never seen a Class C amp for audio. My main comments in my last post regarding audio amps pertained to Class D amps. Sean
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Most "decent" switching amps run Class A ( or at least AB ) driver stages and then run the output stage in some type of "switched" mode. They do this to maintain as much linearity as they can at the lower level stages that don't pull as much current while increasing efficiency in the output stage where it is quite current thirsty.

As to the "refresh rate", i have no idea. I remember seeing something about 800 KHz with the Sunfire amps, but that may been something about a harmonic of the primary signal. That seems AWFULLY high to me for an audio amp. Then again, such a high rate would offer greater linearity, both in and above the audible range. Sean
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