Your tx is 1:10. Take what the input resistance is at the phono preamp - it should be 47k, and divide it by 100 (10 squared). That is 470 ohms if you have 47k. This number should be at least 10 times the internal resistance of the cartridge. I suspect the input resistance is less than 47k and you are pinching the current. Remember ohms law - current is a relationship between voltage and resistance. I have several SUTs and it is worth noting a that even when the correct resistance is applied, the apparent loudness does not follow the voltage. It’s misleading. 2.5mv and 5mv just sound the same in terms of loudness.
If the goal here is to chase down a hum, and if the tx solved this, sounds like a grounding issue. Try reworking the grounds. Ground the TT to the phono only. Try a star ground. Try shielded cables. Try shielded cables with the shield only landed on 1 side and switch the side the shield is landed on between the TT and the phono pre. try to disconnect all grounds and use a loose ground wire to touch the outside of the rca connections. Ground hum finds a path of least resistance to ground and goes there. Usually this is whatever has the largest power transformers.